The Complete Guide to GLP-1 Medications

What is GLP-1?

GLP-1, or glucagon-like peptide-1, is a hormone your body naturally produces in the gut after eating. It plays a key role in regulating blood sugar, slowing digestion, and signaling to your brain that you're full.

GLP-1 receptor agonists are medications that mimic this hormone, but at much higher and longer-lasting levels than your body produces on its own. Originally developed for type 2 diabetes, they've since been approved for weight management — and the results have been remarkable.

How Does It Work?

GLP-1 medications work through several mechanisms simultaneously:

• Appetite suppression — They act on brain receptors that reduce hunger and cravings, making it easier to eat less without feeling deprived.
• Slowed gastric emptying — Food stays in your stomach longer, so you feel full sooner and for a longer period.
• Improved insulin sensitivity — They help your body regulate blood sugar more efficiently, reducing spikes and crashes.
• Reduced "food noise" — Many patients describe a dramatic reduction in the constant mental chatter about food.

GLP-1 Medications Compared

Several GLP-1 medications are currently available, each with different active ingredients, dosing schedules, and approved uses. Click through for detailed deep dives on each.

Side Effects & What to Expect

Like any medication, GLP-1 agonists can cause side effects. Most are gastrointestinal and tend to improve over time as your body adjusts.

Common Side Effects

• Nausea — The most frequently reported side effect, especially during dose escalation. Usually mild to moderate.
• Constipation or diarrhea — Digestive changes are common in the first few weeks.
• Reduced appetite — This is the intended effect, but it can feel extreme for some patients initially.
• Injection site reactions — Minor redness or swelling at the injection site.

Less Common but Serious

• Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
• Gallbladder problems
• Thyroid concerns (boxed warning on semaglutide for medullary thyroid carcinoma risk in animal studies)
• Kidney issues in patients with pre-existing conditions

Am I Eligible for GLP-1 Medication?

Eligibility depends on the specific medication and indication. Generally, GLP-1 medications for weight management are prescribed to adults who meet one of the following criteria:

• BMI of 30 or higher (clinically classified as obese)
• BMI of 27 or higher with at least one weight-related condition such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol

For diabetes management, GLP-1 agonists can be prescribed to adults with type 2 diabetes who need additional blood sugar control beyond lifestyle changes and metformin.

What About Cost?

Without insurance, GLP-1 medications can cost $800–$1,500+ per month. Insurance coverage varies significantly depending on your plan and whether the medication is prescribed for diabetes vs. weight loss. Manufacturer savings programs, compounding pharmacies, and telehealth providers may offer more affordable options.

Maximizing Results: Lifestyle + GLP-1

GLP-1 medications aren't a magic bullet. The best outcomes combine medication with intentional lifestyle changes:

• Protein-first eating — Prioritize protein at every meal to preserve lean muscle mass during weight loss. Aim for 0.7–1g per pound of ideal body weight daily.
• Resistance training — Strength training is critical to avoid losing muscle along with fat. Even 2–3 sessions per week makes a significant difference.
• Hydration — Many patients experience dehydration-related side effects. Aim for at least 64 oz of water daily.
• Nutrient density — Since you're eating less overall, every meal matters more. Focus on whole, nutrient-dense foods.

Frequently Asked Questions